Submarines are known for their stealth and covert operations, which are made possible by their ability to remain underwater for extended periods. Lead-acid batteries have been the standard power source for submarines since the late 19th century, which are heavy, bulky, and have a limited lifespan. In recent years, the submarine industry has turned to lithium-ion batteries as a more efficient and reliable alternative.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are becoming increasingly popular in the submarine industry due to their high energy density and reliability. The Japan Navy’s Soryu class submarines, Oryu and Toryu, have been pioneers in the adoption of this technology. Two submarines were recently commissioned with lithium batteries, helping to perfect this technology. These capabilities have now matured even further with the introduction of the Taigei class.
Japan has led the way in the adoption of this technology, but other countries are likely to follow suit as the technology continues to evolve. South Korea has subsequently taken the same path, with the KSS III Batch 2 (new Jang Bogo-class) submarines also planned to be equipped with an Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system and Lithium-Ion batteries that can double the operational hours compared to those with lead-acid batteries.
China plans to upgrade its conventional submarine fleet with lithium-ion batteries, utilizing technological developments in the country’s electric vehicle industry. This move could significantly increase the fleet’s combat and survival capabilities.
The Indian Navy issued a request for information (RFI) in October 2021, seeking the development of high-capacity lithium-ion batteries to improve the performance of its conventional submarines. HBL has received a contract from NSTL/DRDO to create early versions of Li-Ion batteries for submarines. The Navy is interested in retrofitting this technology onto their Kalvari Class submarines, which currently use lead-acid batteries, from 2024-2025 onwards.
In addition to these development, major submarine designers and suppliers such as Thyssen Krupp Marine Systems, Naval Group, Saab Kockums, and Navantia have developed LIBs for their submarines as well. The Naval Group has been studying the use of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIB) on submarines since 2006. They have completed the design phase of the LIB, taking into account safety and design factors, such as the stability of the chemicals, safety analyses, and the architecture of the batteries. To ensure safety, the company has taken a layered approach. In 2020, the LIB was qualified, but it has not yet been tested on a submarine. The Naval Group is also thinking about how to use the technology on submarines, including the architecture of the electrical network, charging systems, ventilation, and cooling.
The utilization of lithium-ion batteries on submarines has revolutionized the industry, making submarines more efficient and effective. The batteries offer advantages such as faster recharge times, higher energy density, increased battery discharge rates and less maintenance, and longer service life compared to the popular lead-acid battery. The adoption of this technology has also reduced the environmental impact of submarines, as lithium-ion batteries are more environmentally friendly than traditional lead-acid batteries. Furthermore, the batteries allow for more flexible submarine designs with their smaller and novel shapes that better fit the space given to them.
Submarines equipped with lithium-ion batteries can be quieter and lighter than those with traditional batteries, making them ideal for covert operations. Additionally, they can move faster and farther, and perform better overall.
Despite some concerns, such as thermal runaway and the risks of fire and explosion, lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is the fastest-growing and most promising battery technology. It is emerging as a viable option for a wide range of civil and defense applications.
In conclusion, the adoption of lithium-ion batteries on submarines represents an important turning point for the industry, with Japan’s Oryu submarine leading the way. The benefits of this technology are clear, as it provides increased efficiency, effectiveness, and reduced environmental impact. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more submarines equipped with lithium-ion batteries in the future.